A Review on the Effects of Soccer Small- Sided Games. Abstract. Over the last years there has been a substantial growth in research related to specific training methods in soccer with a strong emphasis on the effects of small- sided games. The increase of research in this topic is coincident with the increase of popularity obtained by specific soccer conditioning, which involves training players to deal with soccer match situations. ![]() Every soccer player requires muscular durability, explosive energy and greater aerobic capacity. These components can be formulated by the help of soccer fitness drills. This is an inclusive piece of soccer exercising. Over the last years there has been a substantial growth in research related to specific training methods in soccer with a strong emphasis on the effects of small-sided games. The increase of research in this topic. News & Notices The latest news and information. Directions Find directions to City Hall and other City facilities. Mayor Meet Auburn Mayor Nancy Backus. Awards Honors and recognitions received by the City of Auburn. Given the limited time available for fitness training in soccer, the effectiveness of small- sided games as a conditioning stimulus needs to be optimized to allow players to compete at the highest level. Available studies indicate that physiological responses (e. However, because of the lack of consistency in small- sided games design, player fitness, age, ability, level of coach encouragement, and playing rules in each of these studies, it is difficult to make accurate conclusions on the influence of each of these factors separately. Keywords: soccer, training, conditioning, heart rate, players, technique, perceived exertion. Introduction. Soccer is probably the most popular sport in the world. Despite its universal nature and its formal history extended back over a hundred years, there are still many uncertainties concerning its multidimensional requirements (physiological, psychological, biomechanical) and therefore uncertainties when planning for optimal training and conditioning. In fact, this game is very complex because the pitch is substantially large (approximately 1.
These tasks are known as small- sided games (SSG) and its study is currently one of the most addressed topics in soccer contemporary research (Hill- Haas et al., 2. In high performance sports it has been well documented that the maximum benefits are achieved when the training stimuli are similar to competitive demands (Bompa, 1. In order to reproduce the physical, technical and tactical requirements of real match play (Mac. Laren et al., 1. 98. Miles et al., 1. 99. Hoff et al., 2. 00. Reilly and White, 2. Sassi et al., 2. 00. SSG in their training programs. SSG started as an optimal task to optimize training time by fulfilling the broad range of fitness requirements without compromising skill performance and decision- making. Therefore, they are used extensively to improve physical fitness levels and also technical and tactical performance in a wide variety of soccer codes (Balsom, 1. Drust et al., 2. 00. Gabbett, 2. 00. 2; Nurmekivi et al., 2. Bangsbo, 2. 00. 3; Reilly and Gilbourne, 2. Gamble, 2. 00. 4; Eniseler, 2. Gabbett, 2. 00. 5; Reilly and White, 2. Sainz and Cabello, 2. Sassi et al., 2. 00. Rampinini et al., 2. Aguiar et al., 2. Duarte et al., 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. The intensity of these soccer- specific training drills with the ball can be affected or manipulated to provide different physical, technical and tactical responses by several factors, such as, the number of players involved, the size and the shape of the pitch, the duration of exercise and rest periods, the rules of the game, coach encouragement, the availability of balls or by the way of scoring points (Bangsbo, 1. Balsom, 2. 00. 0; Hill- Haas et al., 2. A better understanding of the influence of modifying those variables on SSG will assist coaches in controlling the training process with players. Recent literature has been focused on the physiological and technical aspects of SSG (Impellizzeri et al., 2. Tessitore et al., 2. Jones and Drust, 2. Dellal et al., 2. Frencken and Lemmink, 2. Castagna et al., 2. Couts et al., 2. 00. Hill- Haas et al., 2. Katis and Kellis, 2. Secondly, the emphasis has been placed on the restrictions of the task that may have effects on the physiological responses to SSG (Rampinini et al., 2. Kelly and Drust, 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. Research. Soccer constitutes an open skill team sport characterized by performance under variable conditions and it can be expected that different aspects of performance might vary according to situational circumstances (Tessitore et al., 2. Coaches can administer a large variety of drills by changing the size and the shape of the playing area, the number of players, the rules and drill duration. At present, training sessions are focused on enhancing both physiological and technical- tactical aspects of play through general conditioning bouts and training drills. In the last years, with the increased use of SSG as a training method, the scientific community devoted greater attention to them. In fact, we found recent studies with conclusions which suggest that physiological responses (e. All factors affecting the SSG are analyzed separately according to studies conducted in order to understand its importance in the response of athletes to training. Despite this division to facilitate the comprehension of these factors, we must take into account that the interaction may affect the final response of athletes. This review also aims to focus on new features of the SSG, still little studied, and because of its great importance, they deserve the attention of researchers. A deeper understanding about the influence of manipulating those variables on SSG will assist coaches in controlling the training process. Number of players. Recent studies have shown that SSG formats with a different number of players elicit different physiological, perceptual, and time- motion characteristics (Aroso et al., 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. Katis and Kellis, 2. Sampaio et al., 2. Owen et al., 2. 00. Rampinini et al., 2. It is also common for coaches to use SSG formats that involve a team playing with a fixed numerical advantage against another team with a fixed numerical disadvantage, as used by Hill- Haas et al. In general, these studies have shown that SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater heart rate than the larger formats (Hill- Haas et al., 2. Impellizzeri et al., 2. Katis and Kellis, 2. Little and Williams, 2. Owen et al., 2. 00. Rampinini et al., 2. However, some authors reported a different conclusion (Aroso et al., 2. Dellal et al., 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. Hoff et al., 2. 00. Jones and Drust, 2. Sampaio et al., 2. SSG formats. Based on the results presented in the aforementioned studies, different SSG formats elicit different heart rate values (Table 1). The variability between different SSG was confirmed by Hill- Haas et al. However, these studies are more consensual and showed that SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater lactate thresholds (Hill- Haas et al., 2. Impellizzeri et al., 2. Rampinini et al., 2. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to the player number changes is in accordance with those found to heart rate responses. In general, these studies have shown that SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater RPE than the larger formats (Aroso et al., 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. Impellizzeri et al., 2. Rampinini et al., 2. The effect of the SSG formats in the technical requirements was addressed by two studies (Jones and Drust, 2. Katis and Kellis, 2. The authors suggested that SSG with small number of players can deliver a more effective technical training stimulus, since the number of technical actions increases with the decrease of players’ number. The work- rate profiles of players were also observed taking into account the number of players involved (Jones and Drust, 2. Hill- Haas et al., 2. The results found are consensual, with most authors claiming that no significant differences were observed in either total distance covered or the total distance covered by walking or jogging. Nevertheless, there is no consensus at high intensity efforts. Jones and Drust (2. This conclusion was firstly supported by Platt et al. The opposite was suggested by Hill- Haas et al. It is usual for coaches to use SSG formats that involve a team playing with a fixed numerical advantage against another team with a fixed numerical disadvantage (e. It is also common to use SSG formats that involve variable “overload” and “underload” situations, which are achieved using a “floater” player. According to these authors, both formats (fixed and variable) may provide a useful variation in SSG training or as a technical- tactical training method for defensive and attacking plays. The possibility of variable formats proving a greater technical load needs to be substantiated by further research. Finally, the use of a floater appears to be more effective in smaller format games and may be appropriate for either maintaining or developing aerobic fitness. The different conclusions may be due to the fact that the methodology adopted by the authors and the population that served as a sample study were distinct. Another fact that may have led to such different conclusions is the difficulty found to isolate all the factors which can contribute to the physiological and technical response of players. Finally, another possible reason for discrepant results includes the fact that the pitch size masks the effects of variations in the number of players. Pitch size. Research has shown that using different pitch dimensions and formats can elicit different physiological and perceptual responses, as well as time- motion activity. However, studies are not consensual on the influence of the pitch size in the physiological response of the players. In the origin of this disagreement is probably the fact that research has been carried using several different pitch sizes (Table 2). Ranges of pitch area (m. SSG format. According to Tessitore et al. In this study, the exercise intensity ranged from 6. These results are similar to those obtained by Kelly and Drust (2. SSG played in three pitch dimensions. On the contrary, Rampinini et al. Higher HR values during SSG played on a large pitch were registered when compared to medium- and small- sized pitches. Blood lactate variation due to different pitch sizes suggests that drills played in a bigger pitch resulted in a more aerobic activity with a higher occurrence of intensities up to the lactate threshold (Tessitore et al., 2. Rampinini et al., 2. In their study, Tessitore et al.
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